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                <text>"Recuperating Histories of Violence in the Americas: Vernacular History-Making on the US-Mexico Border"</text>
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                <text>Monica Muñoz Martinez, "&lt;span&gt;Recuperating Histories of Violence in the Americas: Vernacular History-Making on the US-Mexico Border&lt;/span&gt;" &lt;em&gt;American Quarterly&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. 66, No. 3, Special Issue: Las Américas Quarterly (September 2014): pp. 661-689</text>
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                <text>In this article Monica Martinez examines racial violence against ethnic Mexicans in early 20th-century Texas, specifically the 1915 murder of Jesús Bazán and Antonio Longoria. The piece explores how local and family narratives challenge official histories that often erased or justified such violence. Martinez highlights how historical memory, storytelling, and activism play a role in confronting past injustices and shaping public understanding of state-sanctioned racial terror.&#13;
&#13;
While the state-backed violence against Mexican Americans and Mexican migrants living around the Texas border wasn't explicitly encouraged by the Texas Rangers, the lack of guardrails and legal consequences against the Rangers gave the organization free-range to do and act like they pleased. The low number of documented sources reporting on the murders of Mexicans at the time is similar to other cases of state-sanctioned violence toward black Americans around Texas and other states in the US south.&#13;
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                <text>“Strange Fruit? Syrian Immigrants, Extralegal Violence and Racial Formation in the Jim Crow South” </text>
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                <text>In this article Sarah Gualtieri uses a combination of newspapers, government data, journals, reports, court cases, and primary accounts as her historical backing for this article. She illustrates the unique position Arab-Americans have had since the Jim Crow Era, a racialization which has shifted and continues into modern times (especiallt post 9/11). In this piece she focuses on Arab migrants' perceived "whiteness" and despite how they may have "looked white" on the outside, they were still subject to discrimination and violence throughout American history. She writes that Arabs were "a minority without minority status" and "the most invisible of the invisibles". She traces the 1929 lynching of Nicholas and Fannie Romey and how because he lacked roots in the southern community and "belonged to a suspect immigrant group", he was subject to exclusion from white controlled spaces. She also writes that the untimely deaths of Nicholas and Fannie "form part of the sediment on which later racialization projects were, and are, being built."</text>
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                <text>Sarah Gualtieri, “Strange Fruit? Syrian Immigrants, Extralegal Violence and Racial Formation in the Jim Crow South,” &lt;em&gt;Arab Studies Quarterly&lt;/em&gt; 26, no 3 (Summer 2004): 63-85.</text>
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