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                  <text>Urban Histories</text>
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                <text>“‘South of the South?’ Jews, Blacks, and the Civil Rights Movement in Miami, 1945-1960”</text>
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                <text>Dr. Raymond Mohl was a professor of history who dedicated his work to exploring the urban histories of the South and the many problems associated with it. His focus is exemplified in this article as he discusses the interactions between Jewish and Black communities during the civil rights movement in Miami from 1945 to 1960. The piece follows the efforts of civil rights organizations such as the NAACP and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), as well as highlighting personal stories of individual activists. Mohl documents the work done by these groups and how certain activists interacted, as well as the opposition to their efforts, especially from the KKK and anti-communist McCarthyism. Overall the article expands our understanding of the lived experience of various marginalized groups and what, if any, shared experience they may have had in the Jim Crow South.&#13;
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Specifically, Dr. Mohl examines the interactions that Black and Jewish communities in the mid-20th century in Miami and works to understand how each community navigated a time when racial and political violence was rampant. Through this paper, it is understood that while Black and Jewish communities were held as “outsiders”, their lived experience indicates that both communities were not as collaborative as imagined. What prevented the mobility of brotherhood between the two communities was McCarthyism. The “red scare” forced both communities into their enclaves, only enabling some members of either community to forge bonds. This piece serves as reminder that lived experiences of those may not reflect the heroic ideology that we so earnestly want to believe in and that mobility extends beyond just the movement of people. &#13;
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                <text>Raymond A. “‘South of the South?’ Jews, Blacks, and the Civil Rights Movement in Miami, 1945-1960.” &lt;em&gt;J&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;ournal of American Ethnic History&lt;/em&gt;, vol. 18, no. 2, 1999, pp. 3–36. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502414.</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Houston Bound: Culture and Color in a Jim Crow City&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>In the first chapter of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Houston Bound&lt;/em&gt;, Steptoe &lt;span&gt;investigates the cultural and racial transformations in Houston, Texas, during the era of Jim Crow segregation. She explores the migration patterns that shaped the city's Black, Creole, and Mexican American communities, illustrating how these groups navigated racial boundaries and influenced Houston’s cultural landscape. Using historical interpretation, narrative accounts, and folkloric traditions, Steptoe shows how music, migration, law enforcement, and other factors created and "managed" Black urban life.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;One of the major aspects of the work is the rural work and urban police system as exemplified by Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly) and the construction of Black neighborhoods as centers of cultural and political defiance. This work offers great insight for students and practitioners of the African American history, urbanism, and cultural geography by revealing the complex interrelations of race, place, and identity in the South United States.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Tyina L. Steptoe, "&lt;span&gt;The Bayou City in Black and White" in&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Houston Bound: Culture and Color in a Jim Crow City&lt;/em&gt;:21-59.&amp;nbsp;1st ed., University of California Press, 2016.</text>
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                <text>&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;Welcome to Fairyland: Queer Miami before 1940&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;</text>
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                <text>Julio Capó Jr., &lt;em&gt;Welcome to Fairyland: Queer Miami before 1940&lt;/em&gt; (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017).</text>
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                <text>Julio Capó writes about migration from the Caribbean to Miami. He uses newspapers, police records, medical records, and federal/state immigration laws to retell the development of Miami.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In chapter two, Capó highlights and transnational queer Bahamian migrants and their impact on the political, cultural, and geographic landscape. He tells the story of Bahamian migration and their unique, mostly male demographic that was a product of US labor extortion laws and the declining economy in the Bahamas. Capó claims that a clash between conservatism and lewdism defined the development of pre-WW2 Miami. Bahamian women had extraordinary difficulty living alone in both the Bahamas and Miami due to their prescribed hyper-sexuality. In contrast to other work on the history of immigration, Capó centers the varied intersections of Bahamian identities and calls for a transnational retelling of their migration. He illustrates this historical approach through tracing the life of Sam Carey who migrated to the U.S. in search of economic opportunity but was hyper sexualized and festishized due to Miami’s tourist-centered economy.</text>
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