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                  <text>Transnational Migrations</text>
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                <text>"'No Such Thing as Stand Still': Migration and Geopolitics in African American History"</text>
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                <text>Kendra T. Field details the story of one family involved in a Chief Alfred Charles Sam's lesser-known Back-to-Africa movement in the early 20th century to claim that Marcus Garvey's larger movement and the Great Migration in general were rooted in the increasing ability of Black Americans  to travel and migrate. Field further explains that Oklahoma was an early post-emancipation destination for freemen due to the United States' federal government's largely uninvolved presence in the territory that had originally been set aside for displaced Native Americans and less presence of discrimination.&#13;
&#13;
Field's article offers insight to matters of migration, mobility, and race. She examines the case of "Chief Sam," for example, who drew people into his movement back to Africa by promising developable land to black Oklahomans who had their land removed from them when the state was formed. This movement mirrored the migration of white European settlers to the Americas in search of land and subsequent prosperity. . Sam also used the idea of Moses to motivate people to join him, alluding to the movement of enslaved Jews from Egypt to a land that was ordained for their prosperity. This movement to long for the homeland also manifested as the desire to create a new homeland in America on Indian Territory and relocate in their effort to establish their freedom and their peoplehood. Throughout the piece, Kendra T. Field describes how the longing of freed Black Americans for a territory to manifest their freedom on led to the migration of groups to various lands and the establishment of movements that perhaps exploited this feeling.</text>
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                <text>Kendra T. Field, "'No Such Thing as Stand Still': Migration and Geopolitics in African American History,"&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Journal of American History&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;(December 2015): 693-718.</text>
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                  <text>Transnational Migrations</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Forging Diaspora: Afro-Cubans and African Americans in a World of Empire and Jim Crow&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>In the third chapter of&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Forging Diaspora&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;span&gt;Frank Guridy examines a link between Afro-cubans and Black Americans through the Cuban migration to the United States to pursue an education at Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCU), specifically the Tuskegee Institute. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Using Tuskegee as an example, he argues that Cubans were able to receive a higher level of education in HBCU's and that kids were being sent over not just because of racial reasons, but also because parents saw an opportunity for their kids to advance themselves. However, the US government looked at this as a way to maintain the racial hierarchies that were already present in American society. Guridy also emphasizes Booker T. Washingtons "moderate" mindset on the afro-hispanic migration to black colleges. While he wanted to establish an identification with colored people worldwide, he also wanted to show his allegiance to the United States. Washington's approach to afro-hispanics joining HBCU's highlights the intersectionality between achieving racial progress for African-Americans and maintaining the racial structure of post-civil war America.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Guridy's approach gives insight into how Black people were able to achieve racial progress, even during a time in which the US government was striving to restrict said progress.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>Frank Guridy, “Forging Diaspora in the Shadow of Empire: The Tuskegee-Cuba Connection” in&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Forging Diaspora&lt;/em&gt; &lt;span class="textLayer--absolute" dir="ltr" role="presentation"&gt;(The University of North Carolina Press, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textLayer--absolute" dir="ltr" role="presentation"&gt;2010): 17-60.&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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